NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover has photographed rocks imprinted with tiny ripples from an ancient lake. And these tiny ripples are making waves on Earth, as they are the clearest evidence yet that water once existed on the Red Planet.

The ripple marks were discovered frozen in Martian rock on the slopes of Mount Sharp. Though Curiosity has traversed many rock deposits laid down in ancient lakes, scientists had not seen such vivid marks in the rocks before.

“This is the best evidence of water and waves that we’ve seen in the entire mission,” Ashwin Vasavada (opens in new tab), Curiosity’s project scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, said in a statement (opens in new tab). “We climbed through thousands of feet of lake deposits and never saw evidence like this – and now we found it in a place we expected to be dry.”

Since last fall, the rover has been exploring a region of what scientists call “sulfate-bearing” rock. Scientists believe this salt-rich area was deposited when an ancient lake was nearly dry. But the ripples were created on the bottom of a shallow lake as winds created waves on the lake’s surface, disturbing the sediments below.

The ripple marks are about 0.5 mile (0.8 kilometer) up Mount Sharp, a mountain made up of a layer cake of rock that records Martian history. The 3-mile-tall (5 km) mountain was once dotted with lakes and streams, making it an intriguing area to search for signs of ancient Martian life, according to the NASA statement.

A portion of a panorama taken by the Mars Curiosity rover of the “Marker Band” section of Mount Sharp. (Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSS)

Curiosity captured a 360-degree panorama of a layer of rock known as the “Marker Band” on the slope of the mountain on Dec. 16, 2022. The rover also attempted to drill into the rocks of this layer, near the rippled features, but the rocks were too hard. Curiosity’s drivers plan to look for softer rock in the layer for additional drilling attempts.

The presence of ripples in a supposedly dry area suggests that Mars did not go from wet to dry in a simple, linear manner, the Curiosity researchers said. Near the rippled rocks, researchers also saw rock layers with regular spacing and thickness. These types of layers often occur on Earth during patterns of periodic change.

“Mars’ ancient climate had a wonderful complexity to it,” Vasavada said, “much like Earth’s.”

As Curiosity continues to explore the Marker Band, mission scientists hope the rover will get a view of a wind-carved valley known as Gediz Vallis high on Mount Sharp. The valley appears to hold debris from wet landslides and a channel that may have been formed by a river.